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The exemplary organism is a species that is extensively studied to read particular biological phenomena, with a expectation that discoveries mass produced in a exemplary organism might provide insight into the workings of more parasites. This is imaginable because fundamental biological lesson like metabolic, regulatory, & developmental pathways, and a genes that code for them, come conserved across evolution.

There are numbers of exemplary parasites. A 1st exemplary organism for molecular biology was probably the bacterium Escherichia coli which is common in the human digestive system (and usually beneficial -- the dangerous E. coli O157:H7 is a rare strain). This besides led to the survey of numerous bacteriophages, particularly phage lambda.

Within eukaryotes, several yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae ("baker's" or "budding" yeast), keep close at h& been widely exposed, largely because it is quickly and easily to develop. A cell cycle in a elementary yeast is very similar to the cell cycle within humans, and regulated by homologous proteins. A fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was studied, once more because it was easily to develop for the multicellular organism. A roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is studied because it has very defined development system & may be apace assayed for abnormalities.

While research worker search an organism to utilize in their studies, it search many traits. Park among which are actually size, generation period, accessibility, manipulation, genetic science, conservation of mechanisms, & expected economic advantage. When comparative molecular biology has be extra commons, a few investigator keep around sought exemplary parasites that represent assorted lineages of life.

Important model organisms

Viruses
lambda phage

Prokaryotes
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bacillus subtilis Mycoplasma genitalium - a minimum organism Vibrio fischeri - quorum sensing, bioluminescence and animal-bacterial symbiosis with Hawaiian bobtail squid Synechocystis, a photosynthetic cyanobacteria widely used inside photosynthesis research.

Unicellular eukaryotes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - baker's yeast or budding yeast (used inside brewing & baking) Schizosaccharomyces pombe - fission yeast Chlamydomonas reinhardtii- a unicellular green algae utilized around photosynthesis research. Tetrahymena thermophila - a loose dwelling freshwater ciliated protozoan

Multicellular eukaryotes
Plants
Fungi
Invertebrates
Vertebrates

WWW Virtual Library: Model Organisms
Guide to resources for including bacteria, yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans, mouse, zebrafish, Dictylostelium, and Arabidopsis.

Generic Model Organism Database Construction Set
Bioinformatics resources, and projects of the Agricultural Research Service, and the National Human Genome Research Institute and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

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